How an argument between Einstein and Bohr changed quantum mechanics forever.

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▀▀▀ Thank you to Dr Adam Becker for his help with this video - check out his book here https://ve42.co/WhatReal

And special thanks to Thierry Avignon, Benjamin Vest, and Lionel Jacubowiez of the Institut d'Optique Graduate School - Laboratoire d'Enseignement Expérimental (LEnsE)

Correction: 30:53 Electrons and Positrons not Protons

▀▀▀ 0:00 The Speed of Gravity 3:07 Spooky Action at a Distance 5:21 The Copenhagen Interpretation 9:12 The EPR Paradox and Hidden Variables 17:25 Einstein vs Bohr 20:51 John Bell and Entanglement 22:14 Bell’s Theorem 29:30 The Bell Inequality Test 33:41 The Most Misunderstood Experiment in Physics 35:06 The Locality Problem 40:37 The Many-Worlds Interpretation

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References: Adam Becker (2018). What is Real?. Basic Civitas Books - ve42.co/WhatReal Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox via Wikipedia - ve42.co/EPRWiki Einstein, A. et al. (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?. American Physical Society (APS) - ve42.co/EPR Solvay Conference via Wikipedia - ve42.co/SolvayConf Owen Willans Richardson Photo Galley via nobelprize.org - ve42.co/SolvayPhoto Bohr-Einstein debates via Wikipedia - ve42.co/BohrEinDeb Bacciagaluppi, G and Valentini, A (2009). Quantum Theory at the Crossroads. Cambridge University Press - ve42.co/Crossroads Bohr, N. (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?. American Physical Society (APS) - ve42.co/BohrResp The Solvay Conference via rarehistoricalphotos.com - ve42.co/SolvayImg Kragh, H. (2022). Chemists Without Knowing It?. Firenze University Press - ve42.co/BhorsConferenceImg Einstein Attacks Quantum Theory. The New York Times via nytimes.com - ve42.co/EinsteinAttackQT Oral History Interviews via repository.aip.org - ve42.co/BohrInterview

Images & Video: Image and video references can be found here - https://ve42.co/BellsImRefs

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Writers: Mithuna Yoganathan, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Producer & Director: Mithuna Yoganathan Editor: Spencer Wright Camera Operators: Mithuna Yoganathan, Derek Muller and Maxime Beauquesne Animators: Alex Drakoulis, Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Peter Nelson Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Katheryn Chan, Grace Nemanic, Isaac McCree and Natalky Zhuk Assistant Editor: James Stuart Researchers: Gabe Strong and Sophia Long Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell Production Team: Katy Southwood, Josh Pitt, Anna Milkovic and Matthew Cavanagh Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

Notes

*When we show the Stern Gerlach experiment we’ve chosen to flip the polarity of the machine when measuring a positron. This is because both its spin and charge should oppose the electron’s. This would mean both would bend in the same direction! We’re interested in seeing the difference in the spins so we flip the machine to make this clearer.

**We show curved spacetime using Flamm’s Parabaloid, which we discovered is controversial, more notes on that here - https://ve42.co/HBDFlamm