If you're interested in the studies I mentioned, here are some links:

Ride-hailing services may not always increase traffic congestion, study finds: https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/ride-hailing-services-may-not-always-increase-traffic-congestion-study-finds/#:~:text=On%20weekends%2C%20Uber%20was%20associated,weekends%20of%20up%20to%208.841%25. Bike-sharing systems and congestion: Evidence from US cities: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966692317302715 Estimating Vehicle-miles traveled reduced from Dock-less E-bike-share: Evidence from Sacramento, California: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1361920923000688