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Over the years, astrophysicists have made many observations that they can’t explain with normal gravity and normal matter combined. Most physicists explain these differences between observation and prediction with dark matter. However, some believe that modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND for short) – which modifies the laws of gravity – is an alternative explanation. While that theory was supposedly “killed” a few years ago, the discussion over MOND has now been revived with a new series of papers. Let’s take a look.

Paper 1: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/adce09 Paper 2: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07569 Paper 3: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2025/06/aa54793-25/aa54793-25.html

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#science #sciencenews #physics #mond