Here is a video illustrating convection. Water is placed within a convection tube and heated at one bottom corner using a spirit burner containing methylated spirit (denaturalised alcohol, C2H5OH). This causes the water above the source of heat to become less dense and rise, allowing colder water to take its place. This in turn becomes less dense and rises. As previously heated water towards the top of the tube cools, it becomes more dense and sinks at the other end, whilst also being pushed along by the warmer rising water, creating a cycle of heating and cooling. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) in an aqueous solution is then pipetted into the convection tube in order to dye the water and display the path that it is travelling. https://www.europlanet-society.org/mars-collection-of-educational-resources-3-volcanoes-mars/

Europlanet 2024 RI has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 871149.